Суффиксы существительных - ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК ПО СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЮ - Задания 26-31 - ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА

Суффикс

Образование

Примеры

Прилагательные

Существительные

+ -ness

прилагательные + -ness

aware,

dark,

fit,

dry,

great,

good,

ill,

idle,

kind,

mad,

polite,

red,

rich,

rude,

sad,

selfish,

shy,

sick,

sweet,

weak, etc.

awareness,

fitness,

darkness,

dryness,

greatness,

goodness,

illness,

idleness,

kindness,

madness,

politeness,

redness,

richness,

rudeness,

sadness,

selfishness,

shyness,

sickness,

sweetness,

weakness, etc

attentive,

attractive,

effective

attentiveness,

attractiveness,

effectiveness

В двусложных прилагательных, -yпосле согласной → -i

busy,

happy,

empty,

lazy,

lonely,

ready,

sleepy,

tidy,

ugly

business,

happiness,

emptiness,

laziness,

loneliness,

readiness,

sleepiness,

tidiness,

ugliness

+ -(t)y

прилагательные + -ty

sovereign,

(un)certain

sovereignty,

(un)certainty

safe,

nice

safety,

nicety

(dis)loyal,

penal,

royal,

special

(dis)loyalty,

penalty,

royalty,

specialty (Am)

прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -t + -y

(dis)honest,

modest

(dis)honesty,

modesty

difficult

difficulty

Исключения

poor

poverty

прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -ous

anxious,

various

anxiety,

variety

curious,

generous,

religious

curiosity,

generosity,

religiosity

прилагательные + -ity

elastic,

electric,

public

elasticity,

electricity,

publicity

humid,

stupid,

valid

humidity,

stupidity,

validity

major,

minor,

superior

majority,

minority,

superiority

popular,

similar,

regular

popularity,

similarity,

regularity

Christian,

(in)human

Christianity,

(in)humanity

прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -al + -ity

abnormal,

equal,

fatal,

formal,

functional,

local,

moral,

mortal,

national,

personal,

real,

special,

vital,

universal

abnormality,

equality,

fatality,

formality,

functionality,

locality,

morality,

mortality,

nationality,

personality,

reality,

speciality (Br),

vitality,

universality

Исключения -al→ -ity

eternal,

fraternal,

maternal

eternity,

fraternity,

maternity

прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -ble, изменяют -ble→ -bil + -ity

able,

admissible,

flexible,

available,

capable,

stable,

gullible,

possible,

visible,

probable,

profitable,

reliable,

respectable,

responsible,

suitable

ability,

admissibility,

flexibility,

availability,

capability,

stability,

gullibility,

possibility,

visibility,

probability,

profitability,

reliability,

respectability,

responsibility,

suitability

прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -e, изменяют -e → -ity

active,

captive,

creative,

productive,

relative

activity,

captivity,

creativity,

productivity,

relativity

false,

dense,

diverse,

immense,

intense,

obese

falsity,

density,

diversity,

immensity,

intensity,

obesity

fragile,

hostile,

mobile

fragility,

hostility,

mobility

mediocre,

scarce

mediocrity,

scarcity

mature,

pure,

secure,

obscure,

severe,

sincere

maturity,

purity,

security,

obscurity,

severity,

sincerity

Исключения

simple,

hospitable

simplicity,

hospitality

+ -(i)ty

в некоторых случаях суффикс -(i)ty может прибавляться к глаголу

celebrate,

liquidate,

necessitate

celebrity,

liquidity,

necessity

liberate

liberty

clarify,

identify,

qualify,

quantify

clarity,

identity,

quality,

quantity

Суффикс

Образование

Примеры

Существительные/прилагательные

Существительные

+ -ist

существительные + -ist

art, capital, career, journal, moral, medal, motor, novel, reception, terror, tour, vocal

artist, capitalist, careerist, journalist, moralist, medal(l)ist, motorist, novelist, receptionist, terrorist, tourist, vocalist

буква -y на конце существительного изменяется на -ist

anarchy, archaeology, biology, botany, diary, ecology, economy, meteorology, monarchy, psychology, psychiatry, strategy, theory, zoology

anarchist, archaeologist, biologist, botanist, diarist, ecologist, economist, meteorologist, monarchist, psychologist, psychiatrist, strategist, theorist, zoologist

-eна конце → -ist

cycle, race, style, type

cyclist, racist, stylist, typist

исключения

drama, chemistry, physics, piano, science

dramatist, chemist, physicist, pianist, scientist

+ -ist

прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -al + -ist

educational, federal, environmental, final, material, national, real, social, special, traditional

educationalist, federalist, environmentalist, finalist, materialist, nationalist, realist, socialist, specialist, traditionalist

-eна конце → -ist

active, collective

activist, collectivist

+ -ism

существительные + -ism

capital, critic, despot, ideal, journal, organ, patriot, terror, tour

capitalism, criticism, despotism, idealism, journalism, organism, patriotism, terrorism, tourism

-eна конце → -ism

commune, future, race

communism, futurism, racism

прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -al

central, fatal, federal, material, national, real, social

centralism, fatalism, federalism, materialism, nationalism, realism, socialism

прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -e, на конце прибавляют -ism

absolute, collective, positive, relative

absolutism, collectivism, positivism, relativism

+ -ship

существительные + -ship

champion, citizen, companion, fellow, friend, leader, member, owner, partner, relation, reader, scholar, sponsor

championship, citizenship, companionship, fellowship, friendship, leadership, membership, ownership, partnership, relationship, readership, scholarship, sponsorship

прилагательные + -ship

hard

hardship

+ -hood

существительные + -hood

adult, boy, brother, child, father, girl, knight, man, mother, neighbour, parent, woman

adulthood, boyhood, brotherhood, childhood, fatherhood, girlhood, knighthood, manhood, motherhood, neighbourhood, parenthood, womanhood

прилагательные + -hood

likely, lively

likelihood, livelihood

+ -ian

существительные + -ian

academic, Christ, electric, magic, music, mathematic

academician, Christian, electrician, magician, musician, mathematician

-yна конце → -ian

comedy, history, veterinary

comedian, historian, veterinarian

прилагательные + -ian

optic, politic

optician, politician

+ -dom

cуществительные + -dom

bore, king

boredom, kingdom

прилагательные + -dom

free, wise

freedom, wisdom

Суффикс

Образование

Примеры

Исходное слово

Существительные

+ -er

глаголы + -er

box, build, buy, call, camp, clean, climb, command, cook, defend, design, develop, dream, drink, dry, earn, employ, entertain, export, fight, extinguish, farm, fly, found, golf, heat, hunt, jump, interview, keep, kill, lead, listen, murder, offend, open, own, paint, play, plumb, perform, poach, present, print, publish, read, record, remind, report, research, sell, sharpen, sing, ski, sleep, speak, start, suffer, talk, teach, tell, train, view, walk, work

boxer, builder, buyer, caller, camper, cleaner, climber, commander, cooker, defender, designer, developer, dreamer, drinker, dryer, earner, employer, entertainer, exporter, fighter, extinguisher, farmer, flyer, founder, golfer, heater, hunter, jumper, interviewer, keeper, killer, leader, listener, murderer, offender, opener, owner, painter, player, plumber, performer, poacher, presenter, printer, publisher, reader, recorder, reminder, reporter, researcher, seller, sharpener, singer, skier, sleeper, speaker, starter, sufferer, talker, teacher, teller, trainer, viewer, walker, worker

-е на конце → -er

adventure, advertise, advise (Br), bake, commute, compose, compute, consume, dive, dance, decode, drive, erase, examine, explore, fertilise, freeze, lecture, make, manage, mine, manufacture, observe, pipe, organize, produce, rule, provide, receive, rescue, shake, smoke, use, strike, vote, write

adventurer, advertiser, adviser, baker, commuter, composer, computer, consumer, diver, dancer, decoder, driver, eraser, examiner, explorer, fertiliser, freezer, lecturer, maker, manager, miner, manufacturer, observer, piper, organizer, producer, ruler, provider, receiver, rescuer, shaker, smoker, user, striker, voter, writer

согласная буква на конце, стоящая после ударной гласной, удваивается + er

babysit, begin, cut, jog, kidnap, plan, program, rob, rub, run, scan, shop, stop, swim, trim, win

babysitter, beginner, cutter, jogger, kidnapper, planner, programmer, robber, rubber, runner, scanner, shopper, stopper, swimmer, trimmer, winner

-l на конце удваивается (Br)

control, propel, travel

controller, propeller, traveller

-y после согласной →-i- + -er

dry, fly, occupy, modify, supply, worry

drier, flier, occupier, modifier, supplier, worrier

существительные + -er

bank, football, garden, pension, prison

banker, footballer, gardener, pensioner, prisoner

-eна конце → -er

game, office, village

gamer, officer, villager

-ryна конце → -er

carpentry, ministry

carpenter, minister

-phyна конце → -er

biography, geography, philosophy, photography

biographer, geographer, philosopher, photographer

Исключения

law

lawyer

+ -or

глаголы + -or

govern, invent, invest, sail, sculpt

governor, inventor, investor, sailor, sculptor

-l на конце удваивается (Br)

counsel

counsellor

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -ct + -or

abduct, act, collect, conduct, connect, construct, detect, direct, elect, extract, inspect, instruct, predict, project, react, reflect, select

abductor, actor, collector, conductor, connector, constructor, detector, director, elector, extractor, inspector, instructor, predictor, projector, reactor, reflector, selector

двусложные глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -ess + -or

assess, compress, confess, oppress, possess, process, profess, success, suppress

assessor, compressor, confessor, oppressor, possessor, processor, professor, successor, suppressor

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -it + -or

audit, credit, deposit, edit, exhibit, inherit, visit

auditor, creditor, depositor, editor, exhibitor, inheritor, visitor

глагол + -vise, -e- →-or

advise (Am), supervise

advisor (Am), supervisor

глагол + -ute, -e→ -or

contribute, distribute, execute, prosecute

contributor, distributor, executor, prosecutor

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -ate, -e- → -or

accelerate, accumulate, administrate, animate, calculate, commentate, create, coordinate, decorate, dictate, educate, elevate, escalate, generate, illustrate, indicate, investigate, manipulate, moderate, narrate, navigate, operate, radiate, refrigerate, regulate, spectate, speculate, translate, violate

accelerator, accumulator, administrator, animator, calculator, commentator, creator, coordinator, decorator, dictator, educator, elevator, escalator, generator, illustrator, indicator, investigator, manipulator, moderator, narrator, navigator, operator, radiator, refrigerator, regulator, spectator, speculator, translator, violator

Исключения

compete, save, survive

competitor, savior (Am), survivor

+ -ry

существительные + -ry

chemist, dentist, peasant, poet, rival, wizard

chemistry, dentistry, peasantry, poetry, rivalry, wizardry

-er→ -ry

carpenter, minister, jeweler

carpentry, ministry, jewelry (Am)

+ -y

глаголы + -y

deliver, discover, embroider, recover, photograph

delivery, discovery, embroidery, recovery, photography

существительные + -y

baker, burglar, butcher, cooker, jeweller, robber

bakery, burglary, butchery, cookery, jewellery (Br), robbery

+ -ing

глаголы + -ingобразуют существительные, обозначающие род деятельности

account, act, bomb, book, box, build, burn, camp, clean, cook, draw, dress, drink, farm,

feel, fly, fight, fish, hear, heat, hunt, learn, meet, surf, open, mountaineer, paint, park, play, print, read, shoot, sing, test, train, teach, think, work

accounting, acting, bombing, booking, boxing, building, burning, camping, cleaning, cooking, drawing, dressing, drinking, farming, feeling, flying, fighting, fishing, hearing, heating, hunting, learning, meeting, surfing, opening, mountaineering, painting, parking, playing, printing, reading, shooting, singing, testing, training, teaching, thinking, working

-е на конце → -ing

advertise, breathe, cave, dance, dive, drive, mine, move, nurse, race, recycle, rule, save, skate, smoke, trade, write, etc.

advertising, breathing, caving, dancing, diving, driving, mining, moving, nursing, racing, recycling, ruling, saving, skating, smoking, trading, writing, etc.

согласная буква на конце, стоящая после ударной гласной, удваивается + -ing

babysit, begin, cut, jog, kidnap, knit, plan, program, rob, run, scan, ship, shop, slim, stop, swim, trim, win

babysitting, beginning, cutting, jogging, kidnapping, knitting, planning, programming, robbing, running, scanning, shipping, shopping, slimming, stopping, swimming, trimming, winning

l на конце удваивается (Br)

counsel, model, travel

counselling, modelling, travelling

существительные + -ing

bank, garden, yacht, game, caravan

banking, gardening, yachting, gaming, caravanning

+ -ment

глаголы + -ment

accomplish, achieve, acknowledge, adjust, advertise, agree, amend, amuse, announce, assess, astonish, attach, arrange, base, commit, develop, disappoint, embarrass, employ, encourage, endorse, enforce, engage, enjoy, entertain, enrol(l), equip, establish, excite, govern, imprison, improve, invest, involve, judge, manage, move, pave, pay, place, punish, recruit, replace, require, resent, retire, settle, ship, state, treat, etc.

accomplishment, achievement, acknowledgement, adjustment, advertisement, agreement, amendment, amusement, announcement, assessment, astonishment, attachment, arrangement, basement, commitment, development, disappointment, embarrassment, employment, encouragement, endorsement, enforcement, engagement, enjoyment, entertainment, enrol(l)ment, equipment, establishment, excitement, government, imprisonment, improvement, investment, involvement, judgement, management, movement, pavement, payment, placement, punishment, recruitment, replacement, requirement, resentment, retirement, settlement, shipment, statement, treatment, etc.

Исключения

(dis)arm, argue

(dis)armament, argument

+ -ance

глаголы + -ance

accept, allow, appear, annoy, assist, attend, avoid, clear, convey, deliver, disappear, disturb, inherit, perform, resist, utter

acceptance, allowance, appearance, annoyance, assistance, attendance, avoidance, clearance, conveyance, deliverance, disappearance, disturbance, inheritance, performance, resistance, utterance

Исключения

enter, remember, maintain

entrance, remembrance, maintenance

в глаголах -e на конце → -ance

assure, endure, insure, reassure

assurance, endurance, insurance, reassurance

continue, guide, ignore, resemble

continuance, guidance, ignorance, resemblance

согласная на конце, после ударной гласной, удваивается

admit, remit

admittance, remittance

-y после согласной →-i- + -ance

comply, rely

compliance, reliance

некоторые глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -ate, -ate → -ance

dominate, tolerate

dominance, tolerance

в некоторых случаях суффикс -ance может прибавляться к прилагательному, -ant → -ance

abundant, arrogant, brilliant, distant, elegant, important, relevant, reluctant, resonant, significant

abundance, arrogance, brilliance, distance, elegance, importance, relevance, reluctance, resonance, significance

+-ence

глаголы + -ence

coexist, exist, insist, persist, subsist

coexistence, existence, insistence, persistence, subsistence

confer, differ, prefer, refer, transfer

conference, difference, preference, reference, transference

correspond, depend

correspondence, dependence

некоторые глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -end, -end → -ence

defend, offend, pretend

defence, offence, pretence

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -e, -е на конце → - ence

adhere, interfere

adherence, interference

emerge, indulge

emergence, indulgence

coincide, reside

coincidence, residence

-r на конце после ударной гласной удваивается

abhor, deter, occur

abhorrence, deterrence, occurrence

буква -l на конце удваивается

excel

excellence

Исключения

obey

obedience

прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -ent, -ent → -ence

absent, adolescent, ambivalent, competent, confident, convenient, equivalent, evident, excellent, impatient, innocent, intelligent, patient, permanent, prevalent, prominent, turbulent, violent

absence, adolescence, ambivalence, competence, confidence, convenience, equivalence, evidence, excellence, impatience, innocence, intelligence, patience, permanence, prevalence, prominence, turbulence, violence

+-tion

глаголы + -ion

edit, exhibit, insert, invent, prevent, prohibit, suggest

edition, exhibition, insertion, invention, prevention, prohibition, suggestion

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -ate, -e → -ion

animate, appreciate, assassinate, associate, calculate, celebrate, circulate, complicate, communicate, create, commemorate, correlate, compensate, concentrate, congratulate, cooperate, coordinate, corporate, decorate, dedicate, demonstrate, delegate, discriminate, dominate, donate, educate, evacuate, evaluate, exaggerate, excavate, frustrate, generate, graduate, hesitate, illustrate, imitate, immigrate, innovate, investigate, irritate, isolate, legislate, locate, moderate, narrate, motivate, navigate, negotiate, operate, participate, populate, radiate, recreate, regulate, separate, situate, speculate, translate, vegetate, vibrate, violate

animation, appreciation, assassination, association, calculation, celebration, circulation, complication, communication, creation, commemoration, correlation, compensation, concentration,

congratulation, cooperation, coordination, corporation, decoration, dedication, demonstration, delegation, discrimination, domination, donation, education, evacuation, evaluation, exaggeration, excavation, frustration, generation, graduation, hesitation, illustration, imitation, immigration, innovation, investigation, irritation, isolation, legislation, location, moderation, narration, motivation, navigation, negotiation, operation, participation, population, radiation, recreation, regulation, separation, situation, speculation, translation, vegetation, vibration, violation

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -ete, -ite, -ote, -ute, -e→ -ion

complete, delete

completion, deletion

ignite

ignition

devote, promote

devotion, promotion

constitute, contribute, execute, persecute, pollute, prosecute

constitution, contribution, execution, persecution, pollution, prosecution

Исключения

compete, invite, excite

competition, invitation, excitement

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -ct + -ion

act, attract, collect, reject, connect, construct, contract, convict, correct, direct, distract, elect, erect, infect, inject, object, perfect, predict, project, react, protect, recollect, reflect, reconstruct, restrict, select, subtract

action, attraction, collection, rejection, connection, construction, contraction, conviction, correction, direction, distraction, election, erection, infection, injection, objection, perfection, prediction, projection, reaction, protection, recollection, reflection, reconstruction, restriction, selection, subtraction

Исключения

expect

expectation

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -pt + -ion

adopt, corrupt, disrupt, except, interrupt

adoption, corruption, disruption, exception, interruption

Исключения

abolish, publish

abolition, publication

глаголы + -ation

exploit, expect, found, install, limit, recommend, relax, tax, transport

exploitation, expectation, foundation, installation, limitation, recommendation, relaxation, taxation, transportation

Исключения

explain

explanation

буква -l на конце удваивается

cancel

cancellation

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -rm + -ation

affirm, confirm

affirmation, confirmation

form, inform, reform, transform

formation, information, reformation, transformation

некоторые глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -nt + -ation

confront, document, experiment, present, implement, represent

confrontation, documentation, experimentation, presentation, implementation, representation

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -er + -ation

alter, consider

alteration, consideration

Исключения

register

registration

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -y, -y → -ication

apply, classify, identify, imply, justify, magnify, modify, notify, purify, qualify, signify, specify, unify, verify

application, classification, identification, implication, justification, magnification, modification, notification, purification, qualification, signification, specification, unification, verification

Исключения

occupy, satisfy

occupation, satisfaction

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -re, -e → -ation

declare, prepare

declaration, preparation

admire, aspire, expire, inspire

admiration, aspiration, expiration, inspiration

adore, explore, restore

adoration, exploration, restoration

Исключения

require, retire

requirement, retirement

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -ize, -e → -ation

civilize, commercialize, generalize, localize, modernize, organize, realize, socialize, specialize, utilize

civilization, commercialization, generalization, localization, modernization, organization, realization, socialization, specialization, utilization

Исключения

recognize

recognition

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -e, -e → -ation

combine, determine, examine, imagine

combination, determination, examination, imagination

conserve, observe, preserve

conservation, observation, preservation

accuse, continue, converse, invite, quote, oblige

accusation, continuation, conversation, invitation, quotation, obligation

Исключения

define, pronounce

definition, pronunciation

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -uce, -e → -tion

deduce, induce, introduce, produce, reduce, reproduce

deduction, induction, introduction, production, reduction, reproduction

глаголы + -ition

add, repeat

addition, repetition

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -ose, -e → -ition

compose, dispose, expose, oppose, propose, suppose

composition, disposition, exposition, opposition, proposition, supposition

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -ume, -e → -ption

assume, consume, presume, resume

assumption, consumption, presumption, resumption

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -eive, -ive → -ption

conceive, deceive, perceive, receive

conception, deception, perception, reception

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -cribe, -be → -ption

describe, inscribe, prescribe, subscribe, transcribe

description, inscription, prescription, subscription, transcription

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -olve, -ve → -ution

devolve, evolve, resolve, revolve, solve

devolution, evolution, resolution, revolution, solution

Исключения

involve

destroy

involvement

destruction

прилагательные + -ion

distinct, extinct

distinction, extinction

+ -sion

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -ss + -ion

compress, confess, depress, express, impress, obsess, possess, process, profess, progress, regress, repress, transgress

compression, confession, depression, expression, impression, obsession, possession, procession, profession, progression, regression, repression, transgression

discuss

discussion

Исключения

assess, embarrass

assessment, embarrassment

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -mit, -t → -ssion

admit, commit, emit, omit, permit, submit, transmit

admission, commission, emission, omission, permission, submission, transmission

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -ade, -ide, -ude, -de→ -sion

persuade, invade

persuasion, invasion

collide, decide, divide, provide

collision, decision, division, provision

conclude, exclude, include, intrude, protrude

conclusion, exclusion, inclusion, intrusion, protrusion

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -end/-and, -d → -sion

apprehend, comprehend, extend, pretend, suspend

apprehension, comprehension, extension, pretension, suspension

expand

expansion

Исключения

attend, depend

attendance, dependence

глаголы, оканчивающиеся на -ise, -use, -e → -ion

revise, supervise, televise

revision, supervision, television

confuse, fuse, infuse

confusion, fusion, infusion

Исключения

accuse, amuse

accusation, amusement

глаголы + -erse, -e→-ion

immerse, reverse

immersion, reversion

глаголы+ -ert, -t→ -sion

convert, divert, invert

conversion, diversion, inversion

прилагательные + -ion

precise

precision